Innate immunity in multiple sclerosis: myeloid dendritic cells in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis are activated and drive a proinflammatory immune response.

The challenge of multiple sclerosis: how do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease?

Multiple sclerosis is (MS) a T-cell autoimmune disease characterized by a relapsing-remitting followed by a progressive phase. Relapses are driven by the adaptive immune system and involve waves of T helper cell 1 (Th1), Th17, and CD8 cells that infiltrate the nervous system and provoke a attack. These cells are modulated by regulatory T and B cells. Infiltration of T cells into the nervous sys...

Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Different Immune Cells Related to Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of young adults with an unknown etiology, but cellular immune responses and inflammation has a pivotal role in this regard. The higher incidence of MS among women indicates the possible involvement of female sex hormones on the disease course. Progesterone and estrogen are the most important sexual hormones in women. They exert different i...

Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Secondary Innate Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis:

Targeting Innate Receptors with MIS416 Reshapes Th Responses and Suppresses CNS Disease in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Modification of the innate immune cell environment has recently been recognized as a viable treatment strategy for reducing autoimmune disease pathology. MIS416 is a microparticulate immune response modifier that targets myeloid cells, activating cytosolic receptors NOD2 and TLR9, and has completed a phase 1b/2a trial for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Using a mouse ...

Interleukin 6 but not Interleukin 8 Might be an Indicator of Multiple Sclerosis Progression from Relapse Remitting to Secondary Progressive Status

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the white matter of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Proinflammatory cytokine network such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) has a role in the initiation of a destructive immune response in CNS and the progression of the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in MS patients and h...